{
  "name": "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome",
  "slug": "ards",
  "url": "https://nursingplex.com/care-plans/ards",
  "category": "Respiratory",
  "summary": "Severe hypoxemia with stiff lungs; ventilator support, prone positioning and sedation care.",
  "nursing_diagnoses": [
    "Impaired gas exchange",
    "Ineffective breathing pattern",
    "Risk for infection"
  ],
  "overview": [
    "Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, diffuse inflammatory injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane triggered by direct lung insults such as pneumonia or aspiration, or indirect insults such as sepsis, pancreatitis or massive transfusion. The damaged membrane leaks protein-rich fluid into the alveoli, flooding them and inactivating surfactant, which causes widespread alveolar collapse and severe, refractory hypoxemia.",
    "The Berlin definition characterizes ARDS by acute onset within one week of a known insult, bilateral opacities on chest imaging not fully explained by fluid overload or heart failure, and hypoxemia graded by the PaO2/FiO2 ratio into mild, moderate and severe categories. Because the lungs become stiff and noncompliant, mechanical ventilation itself can worsen injury if not carefully managed, making lung-protective strategies central to care.",
    "Nursing management is built around protecting already-injured lung tissue while supporting oxygenation: low tidal volume ventilation, permissive hypercapnia, prone positioning for severe cases, conservative fluid management, and vigilant prevention of ventilator-associated complications. Mortality remains substantial, and much of nursing's role is sustained, detail-oriented critical care over a prolonged and unpredictable course."
  ],
  "key_facts": [
    {
      "label": "Diagnostic hallmark",
      "text": "Acute bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio below 300, not explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload."
    },
    {
      "label": "Lung-protective ventilation",
      "text": "Low tidal volumes (about 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and permissive hypercapnia reduce ventilator-induced lung injury."
    },
    {
      "label": "Prone positioning",
      "text": "Improves oxygenation in moderate-to-severe ARDS by recruiting dependent lung units and improving ventilation-perfusion matching."
    },
    {
      "label": "Fluid strategy",
      "text": "A conservative fluid management approach improves lung function and ventilator-free days once hemodynamically stable."
    },
    {
      "label": "PEEP",
      "text": "Positive end-expiratory pressure keeps alveoli open at end-expiration, preventing repeated collapse and reopening that worsens injury."
    }
  ],
  "nursing_priorities": [
    "Optimize oxygenation while minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury.",
    "Recognize and treat the underlying trigger, such as sepsis or aspiration.",
    "Implement conservative fluid management once hemodynamically stable.",
    "Prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia and other ICU complications.",
    "Provide safe, effective prone positioning when indicated.",
    "Support nutrition and prevent muscle wasting during a prolonged critical illness.",
    "Communicate prognosis honestly and support the family through a long, uncertain course."
  ],
  "assessment": {
    "subjective": [
      "Severe shortness of breath or air hunger, often reported before intubation",
      "Anxiety and a sense of suffocation",
      "Fatigue and generalized weakness",
      "Confusion or altered mental status related to hypoxemia (may limit self-report)",
      "Chest tightness or discomfort"
    ],
    "objective": [
      "Severe, refractory hypoxemia despite increasing FiO2",
      "Bilateral crackles and diminished breath sounds",
      "Bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray or CT ('white-out' pattern)",
      "Tachypnea, tachycardia and increased work of breathing progressing to respiratory failure",
      "Falling PaO2/FiO2 ratio on serial arterial blood gases",
      "Decreased lung compliance evident on ventilator pressures",
      "Signs of the underlying trigger, such as fever with pneumonia or hypotension with sepsis"
    ],
    "related_factors": [
      "Direct lung injury from pneumonia, aspiration, inhalation injury or pulmonary contusion",
      "Indirect lung injury from sepsis, severe trauma, pancreatitis or massive transfusion",
      "Diffuse alveolar-capillary membrane damage causing protein-rich pulmonary edema",
      "Surfactant dysfunction leading to alveolar collapse",
      "Mechanical ventilation itself contributing to further lung injury if not managed carefully",
      "Systemic inflammatory response amplifying lung and multi-organ injury"
    ]
  },
  "goals": [
    "The client will maintain PaO2 and SpO2 within acceptable limits on the lowest effective FiO2 and PEEP.",
    "The client will be ventilated using lung-protective strategies to minimize additional lung injury.",
    "The client will remain free of ventilator-associated pneumonia and other ICU-acquired complications.",
    "The client will maintain adequate fluid balance and hemodynamic stability.",
    "The client will maintain skin integrity and adequate nutrition throughout a prolonged critical illness.",
    "The family will receive clear, honest communication about prognosis and plan of care."
  ],
  "interventions": [
    {
      "title": "1. Lung-protective mechanical ventilation",
      "points": [
        "Set and maintain low tidal volumes (approximately 6 mL/kg predicted body weight) per protocol to reduce volutrauma to already-injured alveoli.",
        "Monitor plateau pressures to keep them below the threshold associated with barotrauma.",
        "Accept permissive hypercapnia within safe limits rather than increasing tidal volume to normalize CO2.",
        "Titrate PEEP as ordered to recruit collapsed alveoli and improve oxygenation, balancing against the risk of overdistension and hemodynamic compromise.",
        "Titrate FiO2 to the lowest level that maintains adequate oxygenation, since prolonged high FiO2 itself contributes to lung injury."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "2. Prone positioning and oxygenation strategies",
      "points": [
        "Implement prone positioning for moderate-to-severe ARDS as ordered, since it improves ventilation-perfusion matching and recruits dependent lung regions.",
        "Ensure adequate staffing and a coordinated turning protocol to prevent accidental extubation, line dislodgment or pressure injury during proning.",
        "Reposition pressure points frequently while prone, paying particular attention to the face, chest and knees.",
        "Monitor oxygenation response closely after position changes and document trends.",
        "Consider and prepare for advanced rescue therapies such as inhaled pulmonary vasodilators or ECMO in refractory cases as ordered."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "3. Fluid management and hemodynamic support",
      "points": [
        "Follow a conservative fluid management strategy once the patient is hemodynamically stable, since excess fluid worsens pulmonary edema in ARDS.",
        "Monitor daily weights, intake and output, and central venous pressure or other hemodynamic parameters as available.",
        "Administer diuretics as ordered to achieve a negative fluid balance when appropriate, while watching for hypotension.",
        "Balance fluid restriction against the need for adequate perfusion, particularly if sepsis is the underlying cause."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "4. Preventing ICU-acquired complications",
      "points": [
        "Maintain head-of-bed elevation to 30–45 degrees and provide meticulous oral care to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia risk.",
        "Perform daily sedation interruptions and spontaneous breathing trials as appropriate to assess readiness for weaning.",
        "Provide deep vein thrombosis and stress ulcer prophylaxis per protocol.",
        "Reposition frequently and use pressure-redistributing surfaces to prevent skin breakdown during prolonged immobility.",
        "Initiate early mobility with physical therapy as soon as the patient is stable enough to tolerate it."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "5. Nutrition and holistic support",
      "points": [
        "Initiate early enteral nutrition once hemodynamically stable to preserve gut integrity and reduce infection risk.",
        "Monitor for feeding intolerance, particularly during prone positioning.",
        "Provide sedation and analgesia titrated to comfort and ventilator synchrony without oversedation that delays recovery.",
        "Communicate honestly and regularly with the family about prognosis, since ARDS often involves a prolonged and uncertain course.",
        "Involve palliative care resources when appropriate to support goals-of-care discussions."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "patient_teaching": [
    "Understand that recovery from ARDS is often slow and may involve weeks of ventilator support and rehabilitation.",
    "Expect that weaning from the ventilator will be gradual and guided by daily readiness assessments.",
    "Family members should ask questions and stay involved in daily updates from the care team.",
    "After discharge, expect ongoing fatigue, muscle weakness and possible cognitive changes that improve gradually with rehabilitation.",
    "Attend pulmonary follow-up appointments to monitor lung function recovery over time.",
    "Report any new or worsening shortness of breath after discharge promptly.",
    "Participate actively in physical and respiratory therapy to rebuild strength and endurance."
  ]
}