{
  "name": "Pulmonary Embolism",
  "slug": "pulmonary-embolism",
  "url": "https://nursingplex.com/care-plans/pulmonary-embolism",
  "category": "Respiratory",
  "summary": "Clot in the pulmonary vasculature; oxygen, anticoagulation and hemodynamic monitoring.",
  "nursing_diagnoses": [
    "Impaired gas exchange",
    "Ineffective tissue perfusion",
    "Anxiety"
  ],
  "overview": [
    "A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a clot — most often a fragment of a deep vein thrombosis from the legs or pelvis — travels through the right heart and lodges in the pulmonary arterial tree. Less commonly the embolus is fat (long-bone fracture), air (line manipulation), amniotic fluid or tumor. The blocked segment is ventilated but no longer perfused, creating dead-space ventilation, hypoxemia and a sudden rise in pulmonary vascular resistance.",
    "The clinical picture depends on how much of the pulmonary bed is obstructed. A small PE may cause only pleuritic pain and unexplained tachycardia; a massive PE causes right ventricular strain, obstructive shock, syncope and cardiac arrest. Because signs are non-specific, the classic teaching point is that sudden dyspnea with tachycardia and anxiety in a patient with any DVT risk factor is a PE until proven otherwise.",
    "Nursing care is built around three ideas: recognize it early, support oxygenation and hemodynamics while the clot is treated, and prevent the next one. Prevention matters more than any other intervention, because most in-hospital PEs are the end point of a preventable venous thrombosis."
  ],
  "key_facts": [
    {
      "label": "Classic triad",
      "text": "Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain and tachycardia — but most patients do not have all three."
    },
    {
      "label": "Best test",
      "text": "CT pulmonary angiography; V/Q scan when contrast or renal status forbids CT."
    },
    {
      "label": "D-dimer",
      "text": "Useful to rule out PE in low-risk patients; a positive result is non-specific and requires imaging."
    },
    {
      "label": "Anticoagulation",
      "text": "Heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin started immediately, bridged to an oral agent; it prevents clot extension rather than dissolving existing clot."
    },
    {
      "label": "Thrombolysis",
      "text": "Reserved for massive PE with hemodynamic instability; absolute contraindication is active bleeding or recent intracranial event."
    }
  ],
  "nursing_priorities": [
    "Recognize sudden unexplained dyspnea, hypoxemia or tachycardia as possible PE and escalate immediately.",
    "Support oxygenation with high-flow oxygen and positioning.",
    "Stabilize hemodynamics; watch for right heart failure and obstructive shock.",
    "Deliver and monitor anticoagulation safely, balancing clot control against bleeding.",
    "Manage pleuritic pain and severe anxiety, which worsen oxygen demand.",
    "Prevent recurrence through mobility, mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis.",
    "Prepare the patient for long-term anticoagulation self-management."
  ],
  "assessment": {
    "subjective": [
      "Sudden shortness of breath or a feeling of not being able to get enough air",
      "Sharp chest pain that worsens with a deep breath or cough",
      "A sense of impending doom, panic or extreme restlessness",
      "Lightheadedness, near-fainting, palpitations",
      "Calf pain, swelling or tightness suggesting the source thrombus"
    ],
    "objective": [
      "Tachypnea and tachycardia — the two most consistent findings",
      "Falling SpO2 and low PaO2 with an initially low PaCO2 from hyperventilation",
      "Anxious, restless appearance; cough, occasionally with blood-streaked sputum",
      "Hypotension, distended neck veins and a loud P2 in large emboli (right heart strain)",
      "Diaphoresis, cool clammy skin, cyanosis in severe cases",
      "Unilateral leg swelling, warmth, redness or tenderness",
      "ECG changes: sinus tachycardia most often, sometimes right axis strain pattern"
    ],
    "related_factors": [
      "Venous stasis from immobility, long travel, surgery or bed rest",
      "Hypercoagulability from cancer, pregnancy, estrogen therapy, dehydration or inherited thrombophilia",
      "Endothelial injury from trauma, central lines, orthopedic surgery or prior DVT",
      "Obesity, smoking, advanced age and heart failure",
      "Ventilation–perfusion mismatch and dead-space ventilation from the obstruction itself"
    ]
  },
  "goals": [
    "The client will maintain SpO2 above the ordered threshold with a respiratory rate returning to baseline and no dyspnea at rest.",
    "The client will maintain adequate perfusion: stable blood pressure, warm dry skin, urine output above 30 mL/hr and clear mentation.",
    "The client will remain free of bleeding complications while anticoagulation values stay within therapeutic range.",
    "The client will report chest pain controlled at an acceptable level and demonstrate reduced anxiety.",
    "The client will describe anticoagulant dosing, bleeding precautions and warning signs before discharge."
  ],
  "interventions": [
    {
      "title": "1. Supporting oxygenation and gas exchange",
      "points": [
        "Give high-flow supplemental oxygen immediately for suspected PE; hypoxemia is the direct consequence of the perfusion defect and should not wait for confirmation.",
        "Monitor respiratory rate, effort, breath sounds and continuous pulse oximetry; a widening gap between distress and clear lung sounds is characteristic of PE.",
        "Position the patient upright (semi- to high-Fowler's) unless hypotensive, to maximize lung expansion.",
        "Encourage slow, controlled deep breathing and incentive spirometry once pain is treated; splinting from pleuritic pain causes atelectasis.",
        "Anticipate arterial blood gases and prepare for intubation and mechanical ventilation if oxygenation deteriorates despite high-flow oxygen."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "2. Maintaining cardiac output and perfusion",
      "points": [
        "Monitor heart rate, rhythm and blood pressure closely; sustained hypotension signals right ventricular failure and a massive embolus.",
        "Assess for jugular venous distention, a new right-sided heave and worsening peripheral edema as evidence of acute cor pulmonale.",
        "Keep IV access patent and give cautious fluid boluses as ordered — an overloaded right ventricle worsens with aggressive volume.",
        "Track urine output hourly and mental status as practical perfusion endpoints.",
        "Have emergency equipment and vasopressors available; massive PE can progress to arrest quickly."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "3. Anticoagulation and clot-directed therapy",
      "points": [
        "Start anticoagulation as soon as it is ordered; the goal is to stop clot propagation while the body's own fibrinolysis works on the existing clot.",
        "For unfractionated heparin, use a weight-based protocol and monitor aPTT or anti-Xa on schedule; keep protamine sulfate available as the antidote.",
        "For low-molecular-weight heparin, dose by weight, monitor renal function and rotate subcutaneous sites without aspirating or massaging.",
        "During transition to an oral agent, teach that overlap is needed until therapeutic values are reached; for warfarin monitor INR and reinforce consistent vitamin K intake.",
        "For thrombolysis, screen carefully for bleeding contraindications, minimize punctures for the surrounding hours, and monitor neurologic status for intracranial hemorrhage.",
        "Prepare the patient for embolectomy or vena cava filter placement when anticoagulation fails or is contraindicated."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "4. Bleeding surveillance",
      "points": [
        "Assess for bruising, gum or nose bleeding, hematuria, black or bloody stools, and unexplained back or abdominal pain suggesting retroperitoneal bleed.",
        "Monitor hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets; a falling platelet count on heparin raises concern for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and requires immediate reporting.",
        "Apply pressure longer than usual after any puncture, use a soft toothbrush and electric razor, and avoid intramuscular injections.",
        "Review all concurrent drugs and supplements for interactions that potentiate bleeding."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "5. Managing pain and anxiety",
      "points": [
        "Treat pleuritic pain adequately — untreated pain causes shallow breathing and worsens hypoxemia.",
        "Stay with the acutely dyspneic patient; presence reduces the panic that drives oxygen consumption up.",
        "Explain each procedure in short, calm sentences and coach a slower breathing pattern.",
        "Cluster care and provide rest periods to lower metabolic demand."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "6. Preventing recurrence",
      "points": [
        "Mobilize early and often; ambulation is the single most effective prophylaxis for hospitalized patients.",
        "Apply graduated compression stockings or sequential compression devices as ordered and confirm they are actually in use and correctly fitted.",
        "Encourage ankle pumps, leg elevation and hydration for patients who cannot ambulate.",
        "Never massage the calves of a patient with suspected or known DVT.",
        "Reassess DVT risk with every change in mobility, surgery or clinical status."
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "7. Monitoring diagnostics",
      "points": [
        "CT pulmonary angiography as the primary confirmatory study; check renal function and contrast allergy first.",
        "V/Q scan as an alternative when contrast is unsafe.",
        "D-dimer for exclusion in low-probability cases only.",
        "Venous duplex ultrasound of the legs to identify the source thrombus.",
        "Echocardiography to assess right ventricular strain; troponin and BNP as markers of severity."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "patient_teaching": [
    "Take the anticoagulant at the same time daily, never skip or double a dose, and never stop without contacting the prescriber.",
    "Report black stools, blood in urine, prolonged nosebleeds, severe headache, or bruising without cause immediately.",
    "Keep every laboratory appointment for INR or other monitoring while on therapy.",
    "Keep vitamin K intake steady rather than eliminating green vegetables if taking warfarin, and avoid new supplements without approval.",
    "Wear medical identification stating anticoagulant therapy.",
    "On long trips, stand and walk every one to two hours, perform ankle exercises and stay hydrated.",
    "Recognize the warning signs of a new clot — leg swelling and pain, sudden shortness of breath or chest pain — and seek emergency care.",
    "Avoid smoking and, when advised, estrogen-containing contraceptives."
  ]
}