A 12-year-old boy takes great pride in the science project he completed for the regional fair. Even though he didn't win, he feels that he did a great job. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages has this child mastered?

Choice A reason: Initiative vs. Guilt occurs in early childhood (3–5 years) and involves the development of purpose through goal-directed activities. At age 12, the child has passed this stage. Choice B reason: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs in toddlerhood (1–3 years) and focuses on developing independence and self-control. This stage is no longer relevant for a 12-year-old. Choice C reason: Industry vs. Inferiority (ages 6–12) is characterized by children developing competence, pride in accomplishments, and perseverance in tasks. The child’s pride in his science project demonstrates mastery of this stage. Choice D reason: Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence (12–18 years) and involves forming personal identity and sense of self. While the child is entering this stage, his behavior reflects mastery of the prior stage.