A 31-year-old woman with a history of intellectual disability and congenital heart defects presents to the nurse practitioner with new onset neurologic deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging is contraindicated in patients with a history of which of the following?

Choice A reason: Claustrophobia may cause discomfort or anxiety during MRI, but it is not an absolute contraindication; sedation or open MRI can be used. Choice B reason: Essential hypertension is not a contraindication; blood pressure is monitored but MRI can still be performed safely. Choice C reason: Implanted defibrillators can malfunction or pose a serious risk in the strong magnetic field of MRI, making this an absolute contraindication unless the device is MRI-compatible. Choice D reason: Intrauterine devices are generally safe for MRI; they may cause minor artifact but do not pose significant risk.