A 31-year-old woman with a history of intellectual disability and congenital heart defects presents to the nurse practitioner with new onset neurologic deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging is contraindicated in patients with a history of which of the following?

Choice A reason: Claustrophobia is a relative contraindication; while it may cause discomfort, sedation or open MRI can often be used safely. Choice B reason: Essential hypertension does not contraindicate MRI; patients can safely undergo imaging with standard precautions. Choice C reason: Implanted defibrillators (ICDs) and certain pacemakers are absolute contraindications for MRI due to the risk of device malfunction or patient injury from magnetic interference. Choice D reason: Intrauterine devices do not pose a risk in MRI, and imaging can be safely performed in patients with IUDs.