A client with a TS spinal cord injury has manifestations of autonomic dysreflexia. Which assessments would indicate a possible cause for this condition? Select all that apply.

Rationale: A. While diarrhea is a gastrointestinal symptom, it is not a common trigger for autonomic dysreflexia (AD). AD is usually precipitated by a noxious stimulus below the level of spinal cord injury, typically related to bladder or bowel distention or skin irritation. B. Pressure ulcers create a painful or noxious stimulus below the level of injury, which can trigger autonomic dysreflexia. The body responds with sudden sympathetic overactivity, causing hypertension, headache, sweating, and flushing above the level of injury. C. A blocked or kinked urinary catheter causes bladder distention, the most common trigger for AD. The distention sends afferent signals to the spinal cord, resulting in uncontrolled sympathetic responses. Immediate catheter assessment and correction are critical to resolve the episode. D. Bowel distention from fecal impaction is a frequent cause of AD. Like bladder distention, it provides a noxious stimulus below the injury level, triggering hypertension, bradycardia, headache, and sweating. Prompt removal of the impaction alleviates the dysreflexic episode. E. While respiratory issues are important to monitor, they are not a typical trigger for autonomic dysreflexia. AD is usually initiated by stimuli below the level of the spinal cord injury, particularly involving the bladder, bowel, or skin.