A client with decreased urine output refractory to fluid challenges is evaluated for renal failure. Which condition may cause the intrinsic (intrarenal) form of acute renal failure?

A. Damage to the adrenal cortex affects hormone production (like aldosterone and cortisol), not directly the kidney tissue. B. Nephrotoxic injury from contrast media directly damages kidney tissues, specifically the nephrons, making it an intrarenal cause of acute renal failure. C. Urinary collecting system obstruction is a postrenal cause of renal failure. D. Poor kidney perfusion is a prerenal cause of acute renal failure, not intrinsic.