A client with moderate Alzheimer's starts showing increased confusion and agitation during the late afternoon. What is the most appropriate nursing action to address these symptoms of sundowning?

Rationale: A. While adequate lighting can help reduce disorientation, simply increasing lighting alone may not sufficiently address agitation or confusion. Proper lighting is supportive but not the primary intervention for sundowning behaviors. B. Maintaining hydration is important for overall health and can prevent confusion related to dehydration. However, increased fluid intake does not directly address the agitation, restlessness, or irritability associated with sundowning in Alzheimer's disease. C. Sundowning refers to increased confusion, agitation, and restlessness in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, typically occurring in the late afternoon or evening. Creating a calm, quiet environment with minimal stimulation is the most effective nursing intervention to reduce stress and help the client feel safe. This may include reducing noise, limiting excessive activity, maintaining a familiar routine, and providing reassurance. Environmental modifications directly target the triggers of sundowning and promote emotional stability. D. Limiting outdoor activity is not recommended, as exposure to natural light during the day can help regulate circadian rhythms and may actually reduce sundowning. Restricting activities could worsen agitation and frustration.