A client's acute kidney injury is suspected of being of an intrarenal etiology. Which medical history would support this diagnosis? Select all that apply.

Rationale: A. The client was just diagnosed with prostate cancer. This is generally more associated with postrenal causes of acute kidney injury, such as urinary tract obstruction from prostate enlargement or tumor compression. It does not directly injure the renal tissue, so it is not supportive of an intrarenal etiology. B. The client has systemic lupus erythematosus. This is consistent with an intrarenal cause because autoimmune conditions like lupus can lead to glomerulonephritis, which directly damages the kidney tissue. This history supports a diagnosis of intrarenal acute kidney injury. C. The client had a recent computerized tomography scan with contrast of the abdomen. This is a known nephrotoxic exposure. Contrast dye can cause acute tubular necrosis, which is a direct injury to the kidney cells, making this history supportive of an intrarenal etiology. D. The client reports having the "flu" with vomiting and diarrhea for the last 6 days. This suggests a prerenal cause rather than intrarenal. Fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration and reduced kidney perfusion, which can eventually injure the kidneys if prolonged, but it primarily affects blood flow rather than directly damaging renal tissue. E. The client is taking zoledronic acid to treat osteoporosis. Zoledronic acid can be nephrotoxic and directly damage renal tubular cells, especially in patients with preexisting kidney issues. This history is consistent with an intrarenal cause of acute kidney injury.