A home care nurse is assisting with the care of a client. The nurse is planning to focus data collection based on the general findings. Select 5 complications the client is at risk for.

A. Hypocalcemia: Prolonged immobility is more commonly associated with calcium loss from bones into the bloodstream rather than decreased serum calcium levels. Neuromuscular inactivity does not typically produce hypocalcemia as a primary complication. B. Atelectasis: Immobility and prolonged bed rest reduce lung expansion and impair effective ventilation. Decreased chest wall movement increases the risk of alveolar collapse, especially when the client avoids repositioning. This places the client at risk for impaired gas exchange. C. Hypertension: Blood pressure is within normal limits, and immobility does not directly cause elevated blood pressure. Cardiovascular deconditioning may occur, but hypertension is not an expected immobility-related complication. D. Urinary stasis: Reduced mobility interferes with complete bladder emptying and normal voiding patterns. Urinary stasis increases the risk for urinary tract infection and bladder distention. Clients with multiple sclerosis are particularly vulnerable due to neurogenic bladder dysfunction. E. Pressure ulcer: Refusal to turn or change position places sustained pressure on bony prominences, impairing tissue perfusion. Prolonged pressure leads to ischemia, skin breakdown, and ulcer formation. This is a major and immediate risk in immobile clients. F. Diarrhea: Decreased mobility is more commonly associated with constipation due to slowed gastrointestinal motility. Diarrhea is not a typical complication of immobility or positioning refusal. G. Contractures: Prolonged positioning without movement leads to muscle shortening and joint stiffness. Lack of range-of-motion activity accelerates the development of fixed joint deformities. Clients with neurologic disease are at especially high risk. H. Calcium resorption: Immobility causes increased bone demineralization due to lack of weight-bearing activity. Calcium is released from bones into the bloodstream, increasing fracture risk over time. This is a well-recognized complication of prolonged immobility.