A nurse assesses a patient who has Parkinson’s disease. Which manifestations would the nurse recognize as cardinal symptoms of this disease? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: Tachycardia is not a cardinal symptom of Parkinson’s disease. It is more commonly associated with autonomic dysfunction or other systemic conditions, not the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s. Choice B reason: Bradykinesia, or slow movements, is one of the hallmark features of Parkinson’s disease. It reflects the progressive loss of motor control and is often the most disabling symptom. Choice C reason: Resting tremor, especially in the hands, is a classic symptom of Parkinson’s disease. It typically appears early and is often described as “pill-rolling.” Choice D reason: Patients with Parkinson’s disease often have a shuffling gait with short steps, not long, extended steps. This gait abnormality contributes to their risk of falls. Choice E reason: Postural instability is a late-stage symptom of Parkinson’s disease and contributes significantly to fall risk. It reflects impaired balance and coordination.