A nurse assesses a postoperative patient 2 days after chest surgery. What findings indicate that the patient requires better pain management? (Select all that apply)

Rationale: A. Inadequate pain control after chest surgery can cause the patient to splint and breathe shallowly to avoid pain, increasing the risk of atelectasis and pneumonia. B. Hypoglycemia is unrelated to pain management; it is usually associated with insulin therapy, inadequate food intake, or metabolic conditions. C. Fever is more indicative of infection or inflammation, not pain control. D. Pain can contribute to confusion, particularly in older adults, due to stress, sleep disruption, and the physiologic effects of uncontrolled pain. E. Postoperative pain often prevents effective coughing, which is needed to clear secretions and prevent respiratory complications.