A nurse in the outpatient setting is evaluating a client with new chronic renal failure. The client has many questions about diet and prevention of complications. A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client diagnosed with chronic renal disease. The nurse should instruct the client to limit which of the following nutrients? (Select all that apply).

A. Sodium: Clients with chronic renal disease often retain sodium, leading to fluid overload and hypertension. A low-sodium diet helps manage blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk. B. Calcium: Although serum calcium may be low in CKD, calcium intake is not usually restricted. In fact, calcium-based phosphate binders are sometimes used to manage high phosphorus levels. C. Protein: Protein intake must be moderated in CKD to reduce nitrogenous waste and slow progression of kidney damage. However, complete restriction is avoided to prevent malnutrition. D. Calories: Caloric intake should be sufficient to prevent catabolism. Energy needs may be increased depending on the stage of CKD, so calories are not routinely restricted. E. Phosphorus: Phosphorus levels tend to rise in CKD due to impaired excretion. High phosphorus contributes to bone disease and vascular calcification, so dietary restriction is necessary.