A nurse is assessing a client. Which of the following findings indicates a fluid volume deficit?

Rationale: A. Pitting edema: Pitting edema typically indicates fluid volume excess, not deficit. It occurs when there is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causing swelling that leaves an indentation when pressed. B. Skin tenting: Skin tenting is a common sign of fluid volume deficit, particularly dehydration. It occurs when the skin loses elasticity due to a lack of adequate hydration, causing the skin to remain "tented" when pinched. C. Elevated blood pressure: Elevated blood pressure is more commonly associated with fluid volume excess, not deficit. Increased fluid volume can lead to higher blood pressure due to greater circulating volume and increased vascular resistance. D. Dyspnea: Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, is a symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions, including fluid volume excess, especially in the case of pulmonary edema. It is not a direct indicator of fluid volume deficit.