A nurse is assessing a client. Which of the following findings indicates a fluid volume deficit?

A. Pitting edema: Pitting edema indicates fluid volume excess, not deficit. It occurs when excess interstitial fluid accumulates and is compressed, leaving a visible indentation. B. Elevated blood pressure: Elevated blood pressure is commonly associated with fluid volume excess or other cardiovascular conditions. Hypovolemia typically presents with low blood pressure due to decreased circulating volume. C. Dyspnea: Dyspnea is more indicative of fluid overload, pulmonary edema, or cardiac issues rather than fluid volume deficit. It is not a primary sign of hypovolemia. D. Skin tenting: Skin tenting reflects decreased skin turgor, a classic sign of fluid volume deficit. It occurs because dehydration reduces the elasticity of the skin, causing it to remain elevated when pinched.