A nurse is assessing a client who has Parkinson's disease. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect?

A. Bradykinesia and stiff muscles: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The resulting dopamine deficiency leads to motor symptoms, including bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity (stiff muscles), tremors at rest, and postural instability. These are hallmark manifestations used in clinical diagnosis and management of the disease. B. Dry mouth and urinary retention: While some autonomic dysfunction can occur in Parkinson’s disease, these symptoms are more often side effects of anticholinergic medications rather than primary manifestations of the disorder. They are not considered core features of Parkinsonian motor deficits. C. Hypertension and dizziness: Orthostatic hypotension can occur in Parkinson’s disease due to autonomic nervous system involvement, but hypertension is not a typical manifestation. Dizziness may be present if blood pressure fluctuations occur, but these are secondary findings rather than defining characteristics of the disease. D. Numbness and tingling in the feet: Sensory neuropathy, including numbness or tingling, is not a primary symptom of Parkinson’s disease. Such manifestations are more commonly associated with peripheral neuropathies or conditions like diabetes mellitus, rather than central dopaminergic degeneration.