A nurse is assessing a client who has post-traumatic stress disorder. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply).

Choice A reason: Difficulty falling or staying asleep is a hallmark symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hyperarousal and heightened anxiety interfere with the ability to relax and initiate sleep, while intrusive thoughts or nightmares disrupt sleep maintenance. This symptom reflects the body’s persistent activation of the stress response system, which is common in individuals with PTSD. Choice B reason: Persistent negative beliefs about self are part of the cognitive distortions seen in PTSD. Clients often internalize trauma, leading to feelings of guilt, shame, or worthlessness. These negative self-perceptions are consistent with the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, where trauma alters the way individuals view themselves and the world. Choice C reason: Blaming others for one’s mistakes is not a typical feature of PTSD. This behavior is more aligned with maladaptive personality traits or externalization seen in certain personality disorders. PTSD symptoms are centered around re-experiencing trauma, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition, and hyperarousal, not deflecting responsibility. Choice D reason: Difficulty concentrating on set tasks is a common symptom of PTSD. Hypervigilance, intrusive memories, and heightened anxiety interfere with sustained attention and focus. Clients may struggle with everyday tasks, academic work, or job responsibilities due to their inability to filter out trauma-related thoughts and maintain concentration. Choice E reason: Talking excessively is not a recognized symptom of PTSD. While some clients may discuss their trauma repetitively, excessive talking in general is not part of the diagnostic profile. Instead, many individuals with PTSD avoid discussing their trauma due to distress, making this option inconsistent with the disorder.