A nurse is assessing a client who has post-traumatic stress disorder. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply)

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by hyperarousal, intrusive symptoms, and negative cognitions following exposure to a traumatic event, leading to significant impairment in functional domains. A. Difficulty falling or staying asleep is a common manifestation of hyperarousal in PTSD. Clients often experience insomnia due to a heightened state of alertness or fear of nightmares related to the trauma. This chronic sleep deprivation further contributes to irritability and decreased ability to cope with daily stressors. B. Blaming others for one's own mistakes is not a classic diagnostic feature of PTSD. This behavior is more commonly associated with certain personality disorders, such as borderline or narcissistic personality disorder. While a client with PTSD may experience anger, they do not typically exhibit a pervasive pattern of externalizing blame. C. Difficulty concentrating on set tasks is a symptom of the cognitive impairment and hypervigilance associated with PTSD. The mind is often preoccupied with intrusive thoughts or remains in a state of high alert for potential threats, which significantly reduces the individual’s ability to focus on complex or routine activities. D. Persistent negative beliefs about oneself, such as "I am bad" or "I am permanently damaged," are core symptoms of the negative alterations in mood and cognition that define PTSD. These beliefs often stem from survivor guilt or the distorted internal processing of the traumatic experience. E. Talking excessively is generally not an expected finding in PTSD. Instead, many individuals with PTSD exhibit avoidant behaviors and may become socially withdrawn or emotionally numb. Excessive talking or pressured speech is more characteristic of a manic episode in bipolar disorder or severe anxiety.