A nurse is assessing an older adult client who is receiving IV therapy. The nurse should recognize that which of the following findings indicates fluid volume excess? (Select all that apply.)

A. Pitting edema – Fluid accumulation in the interstitial tissues can lead to pitting edema, a clear sign of fluid volume excess. B. Swelling at the IV site – This could indicate infiltration or phlebitis, but it is localized and not a systemic sign of fluid overload. C. Bounding pulse – A strong, bounding pulse is associated with increased circulatory volume, a hallmark of fluid overload. D. Crackles upon auscultation – Crackles in the lungs may indicate pulmonary edema, which occurs with fluid volume excess when fluid backs up into the lungs. E. Urine-specific gravity greater than 1.030 – Incorrect. A high urine-specific gravity usually indicates concentrated urine, more consistent with dehydration, not fluid overload.