A nurse is assessing risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with a client. The nurse should encourage which of the following lifestyle habits to help the client prevent this disease? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A rationale While pharmacological intervention is a necessary component for clients already diagnosed with high cholesterol levels, it is not considered a lifestyle habit. Lifestyle habits refer to behavioral modifications such as dietary choices and physical activity levels. Medications are medical treatments prescribed by providers to manage physiological dysfunction. The focus of this specific nursing assessment is on identifying and encouraging positive behavioral changes that the client can autonomously control and maintain daily. Choice B rationale Increasing dietary fiber is a critical lifestyle habit because soluble fiber binds to bile acids in the intestinal tract, which promotes the excretion of cholesterol. This mechanism reduces the amount of low-density lipoprotein circulating in the bloodstream. A high-fiber diet also assists in weight management and glycemic control. Encouraging the intake of whole grains and legumes helps prevent the buildup of plaque within the arterial walls, reducing the overall risk of atherosclerosis. Choice C rationale Excessive alcohol consumption is detrimental to cardiovascular health and can lead to hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and elevated triglyceride levels. While some research suggests very moderate intake might have minor benefits, consuming 3 to 4 glasses of red wine daily exceeds recommended limits for heart health. High alcohol intake can also contribute to obesity and metabolic disturbances. The nurse must discourage heavy drinking and instead promote hydration with water or other non-alcoholic, nutrient-dense beverages. Choice D rationale Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables provides essential vitamins, minerals, and potent antioxidants that protect the vascular endothelium from oxidative stress and inflammation. These foods are naturally low in saturated fats and sodium while being high in potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure. By displacing high-calorie, processed foods in the diet, fruits and vegetables help maintain a healthy body mass index and prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease and arterial stiffening. Choice E rationale Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to vascular damage by promoting the formation of advanced glycation end products and systemic inflammation. Maintaining blood glucose within the normal range of 70 to 110 mg/dL is essential to prevent endothelial dysfunction. Consistently high sugar levels damage the basement membrane of blood vessels, accelerating the atherosclerotic process. Proper glucose management through diet and monitoring is a vital lifestyle habit for long-term protection against coronary artery and peripheral vascular diseases. Choice F rationale Engaging in daily physical activity strengthens the myocardium, improves systemic circulation, and increases high-density lipoprotein levels, which are cardioprotective. Exercise also helps lower blood pressure and improves insulin sensitivity, addressing multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis simultaneously. Consistency in movement helps maintain vascular elasticity and prevents sedentary-related complications. The nurse should encourage at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise to optimize cardiovascular function and reduce the likelihood of future ischemic events or cardiac episodes.