A nurse is assisting with the care of a client who is receiving a spinal epidural to treat a herniated disc. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indicator of unrelieved pain?

A. Constipation can be caused by various factors including pain medications, but it is not a direct indicator of unrelieved pain. B. Difficulty swallowing may not be directly related to unrelieved pain from the herniated disc. C. Urinary retention is more likely related to the anesthesia effects or nerve compression in the spine rather than unrelieved pain. D. Correct. Clenched teeth or grimacing are often signs of unrelieved pain. These nonverbal cues can be important indicators of discomfort in patients who might not verbally express their pain.