A nurse is assisting with the care of a client who is scheduled for an elective surgery. The client informs the nurse that they no longer wish to proceed with surgery. Which of the following ethical principles should the nurse uphold for the client?

Choice A reason: Justice refers to fairness in the distribution of healthcare resources and ensuring equal treatment for all clients. While justice is important in healthcare, it does not directly apply to the client’s decision to withdraw consent for surgery. Justice is more relevant in contexts such as resource allocation or equitable access to care. Choice B reason: Autonomy is the principle that recognizes the client’s right to make decisions about their own healthcare, including the right to refuse treatment or surgery. Upholding autonomy means respecting the client’s informed choice, even if it differs from medical recommendations. In this case, the nurse must honor the client’s decision not to proceed with surgery, ensuring that the client’s preferences and values are prioritized. Choice C reason: Beneficence refers to the duty to act in the best interest of the client by promoting well-being and providing care that benefits them. While beneficence is important, it does not override autonomy. Even if surgery could potentially benefit the client, the nurse must respect the client’s choice to decline. Beneficence must be balanced with autonomy to avoid paternalism. Choice D reason: Nonmaleficence is the obligation to do no harm. While avoiding harm is essential, the principle does not directly address the client’s right to refuse surgery. Respecting autonomy ensures that the nurse does not cause psychological harm by disregarding the client’s wishes. Nonmaleficence is indirectly supported here but is not the primary principle at stake.