A nurse is caring for a 12-year-old client who appears physically older due to early puberty. Which approach should the nurse use to promote effective communication?

A. Direct questions primarily to the parent due to the condition: Although parents are important sources of information, directing communication primarily to them may limit the child’s involvement and autonomy. A 12-year-old is capable of participating in discussions, and engaging them directly supports trust and developmental needs. B. Communicate using terminology appropriate for a late adolescent: Early physical maturation does not equate to advanced cognitive or emotional development. Using language beyond the child’s developmental level may lead to confusion, misunderstanding, and reduced engagement in communication. C. Provide detailed medical explanations using adult-level vocabulary: Complex medical terminology can overwhelm a child whose cognitive development aligns with their chronological age. This approach may hinder understanding and increase anxiety, making communication less effective. D. Use developmentally appropriate language based on the client's chronological age: Communication should align with the child’s cognitive and emotional development, which corresponds to their age rather than physical appearance. This ensures better comprehension, encourages participation, and fosters a supportive nurse–patient relationship.