A nurse is caring for a child who has been diagnosed with a concussion. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as causing this type of injury?

A. Bleeding between the skull and brain, such as epidural or subdural hematomas, represents structural intracranial injuries. These injuries are more serious than concussions and are characterized by visible bleeding on imaging and potential neurological deficits. Concussions, in contrast, are functional brain injuries without overt structural damage. B. Concussions occur when the brain is rapidly accelerated, decelerated, or rotated within the skull, causing temporary disruption of normal brain function. This can happen during contact sports, falls, motor vehicle accidents, or any blunt head trauma. The movement of the brain leads to neuronal stretching, metabolic changes, and temporary neurological dysfunction, but often no bleeding or structural injury is seen on standard imaging. Common symptoms include headache, confusion, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, or temporary loss of consciousness. C. Blood pooling in the brain indicates a more severe intracranial hemorrhage, such as a subdural or epidural hematoma, which is distinct from a concussion. These injuries are structural, often requiring emergency surgical intervention, whereas concussions are usually managed conservatively with observation and gradual return to activity. D. External lacerations or superficial trauma to the head and face do not necessarily involve the brain itself. While they may occur alongside a concussion, they are not the cause of the neurological injury. Concussions are caused by internal movement of the brain inside the skull, not by surface wounds.