A nurse is caring for a client who had a vaginal birth yesterday, is not breastfeeding and had no perineal lacerations. The client was given ibuprofen 1 hr ago. Which of the following outcomes should the nurse identity as an indication that the medication achieved the desired effect?

Rationale: A. Decrease in amount of lochia and passage of clots is incorrect because ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and does not affect uterine bleeding or the passage of lochia. Changes in lochia are related to normal postpartum involution of the uterus and not pain medication. B. Decrease in milk production is incorrect because the client is not breastfeeding, and ibuprofen does not suppress milk production. Milk production is influenced by lactation hormones such as prolactin and oxytocin. C. Decrease in swelling in the extremities is incorrect because while NSAIDs can reduce inflammation, mild postpartum edema is generally physiologic and not significantly impacted by a single dose of ibuprofen. This outcome is not the primary therapeutic goal in this context. D. Decrease in discomfort is correct because ibuprofen is administered to relieve postpartum pain, including uterine cramping, perineal discomfort, or musculoskeletal soreness after vaginal birth. Pain relief is the intended effect of the medication, and the nurse should evaluate the client’s reported pain level to determine if the desired outcome has been achieved.