A nurse is caring for a client who recently gave birth. The nurse notices the newborn is displaying manifestations of opioid withdrawal. The nurse should recognize the newborn's manifestations as signs of which of the following conditions?

A. Substance use disorder describes a pattern of substance use in an individual that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. While the mother may have a substance use disorder, this term does not describe the newborn’s symptoms. B. Fetal alcohol syndrome results from prenatal alcohol exposure and is characterized by growth restriction, facial dysmorphisms, and neurodevelopmental deficits. It does not cause acute opioid withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. C. Tolerance occurs when repeated exposure to a substance reduces its effects over time, leading to the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect. Tolerance does not explain the acute withdrawal symptoms observed in the newborn. D. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) occurs in newborns exposed to opioids in utero. After birth, the infant experiences withdrawal because the opioid supply is abruptly discontinued. Manifestations include irritability, high-pitched crying, tremors, feeding difficulties, vomiting, diarrhea, and sleep disturbances. Recognizing NAS is essential for prompt assessment and treatment to reduce complications.