A nurse is caring for a client who tells the nurse she experiences urinary incontinence when she sneezes. The nurse recognizes this is an expected finding for which of the following types of incontinence?

A. Stress incontinence: This condition occurs when increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as from sneezing, coughing, or laughing, overcomes a weakened urethral sphincter. It is characterized by the involuntary loss of small amounts of urine without a preceding urge to void. Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles is the primary intervention for managing this type of leakage. B. Urge incontinence: Urge incontinence involves a sudden, strong desire to void followed by an involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle. It is often associated with "overactive bladder" and occurs regardless of physical exertion or intra-abdominal pressure. The primary symptom is the inability to reach the bathroom in time after sensing the urge. C. Overflow incontinence: This occurs when the bladder is chronically overdistended and exceeds its storage capacity, leading to constant dribbling. It is usually caused by an obstruction, such as an enlarged prostate, or a non-contractile detrusor muscle. It does not typically correlate with sudden physical movements like sneezing. D. Reflex incontinence: This type of incontinence is characterized by the periodic, involuntary loss of urine without any warning or sensory awareness. It is commonly seen in patients with spinal cord injuries where the micturition reflex is triggered automatically when the bladder reaches a certain volume. It is unrelated to the mechanical stress of sneezing.