A nurse is caring for an adolescent client who has oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). A nurse is reviewing the medical record of an adolescent client who has oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Which of the following factors in the client's history are risk factors for ODD? Select all that apply.

A. Client's ethnicity is not a risk factor for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). While cultural factors may influence behavior or presentation, ethnicity alone does not increase the likelihood of developing ODD. B. Housing transition is a risk factor. Frequent moves, homelessness, or unstable living conditions create stress and instability in a child’s environment, which can contribute to the development of defiant and oppositional behaviors. C. Client's comorbidities are risk factors. Conditions such as ADHD, depression, and anxiety increase the likelihood of ODD. ADHD, in particular, is strongly associated with impulsivity and defiant behavior. D. Treatment of animals is not relevant to risk for ODD. The client’s reaction to giving up a family pet reflects stress or grief but is not a documented risk factor for developing ODD. E. Family's socioeconomic status is a risk factor. Financial hardship and low socioeconomic status can increase environmental stress, reduce access to mental health resources, and exacerbate behavioral problems, all of which contribute to the risk for ODD.