A nurse is collecting a medication history from a client who is scheduled to have a cardiac catheterization. The nurse should recognize that which of the following medications taken by the client interacts with contrast material, and places the client at risk for acute kidney injury (AKI)?

A. Nitroglycerin: This vasodilator is commonly used to treat angina and does not interact with contrast dye or directly increase the risk for acute kidney injury. B. Metformin: Metformin can accumulate in the body if kidney function worsens after contrast exposure, increasing the risk of lactic acidosis—a rare but serious complication. It is generally recommended to hold metformin before and for 48 hours after contrast procedures to assess renal function. C. Atorvastatin: Although statins can have renal effects in rare cases of rhabdomyolysis, they do not directly interact with contrast media or significantly raise AKI risk during catheterization. D. Carvedilol: This beta-blocker affects heart rate and blood pressure but has no known interaction with contrast dye or specific impact on kidney function in this context.