A nurse is collecting information from a new client who is seeking prenatal care. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a risk factor that increases the risk of pregnancy complications?

Choice A rationale Living in a women's shelter indicates a lack of stable housing, which can be a significant psychosocial stressor. Chronic stress during pregnancy can elevate cortisol levels, potentially impacting fetal development and increasing the risk of preterm birth or low birth weight. Resource scarcity might also limit access to adequate nutrition and consistent prenatal care, both vital for healthy pregnancy outcomes. Choice B rationale Unemployment can lead to financial strain, contributing to increased stress and anxiety. This economic insecurity may hinder access to nutritious food, adequate housing, and transportation to prenatal appointments. Chronic psychosocial stress can trigger physiological responses like increased heart rate and blood pressure, potentially impacting maternal and fetal well-being throughout gestation. Choice C rationale Being 25 years of age is generally considered within the optimal reproductive age range. Biologically, women in this age group typically have lower risks of chromosomal abnormalities, gestational hypertension, and gestational diabetes compared to adolescents or women of advanced maternal age. This demographic often experiences fewer pregnancy-related complications due to mature physiological systems. Choice D rationale White non-Hispanic race does not inherently increase the risk of pregnancy complications. While racial disparities exist in healthcare outcomes, these are primarily attributed to socioeconomic factors, systemic biases, and access to quality care rather than biological predisposition based on race itself. This demographic factor alone is not a direct physiological risk. Choice E rationale A history of depression is a significant risk factor for pregnancy complications. Untreated or poorly managed depression can lead to poor self-care, including inadequate nutrition and non-adherence to prenatal care. Furthermore, peripartum depression can recur or worsen, impacting maternal-infant bonding and potentially leading to adverse developmental outcomes for the child due to altered neurochemical environments.