A nurse is obtaining a health history from a client. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor for developing a disease?

A. Family history is considered a non-modifiable risk factor because it reflects inherited traits passed down from parents. For example, a family history of heart disease or diabetes increases a client’s risk for these conditions, but it cannot be altered through lifestyle changes or interventions. While awareness of family history can guide monitoring and prevention strategies, the factor itself is beyond the client’s control. B. Genetic predisposition is also non-modifiable. Variations in genes can increase susceptibility to certain diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or certain cancers, but these cannot be changed. Genetic risk can inform screening and early detection strategies, but it is not a factor the client can modify. C. Age is a natural and non-modifiable risk factor. As a person ages, the likelihood of developing conditions such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, or certain cancers increases. While age-related risks can be mitigated through healthy lifestyle choices, age itself cannot be changed. D. Sunbathing is a modifiable risk factor because it involves behavior that the client can consciously change to reduce risk. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases the risk for skin cancer, including melanoma, as well as premature skin aging. By limiting sunbathing, seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and applying broad-spectrum sunscreen, clients can reduce their exposure and lower their risk for disease. Modifiable risk factors like sun exposure are key targets for health promotion and disease prevention efforts.