A nurse is obtaining a health history from a client. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a non-modifiable risk factor for disease?

A. Genetics is a non-modifiable risk factor because it is determined at birth and cannot be changed. A client’s inherited genetic makeup can increase susceptibility to certain diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, or certain cancers. While clients cannot alter their genetic risk, awareness of family or personal genetic predispositions can guide monitoring, preventive strategies, and early detection efforts. B. Diet is a modifiable risk factor because clients can change their eating habits to improve health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. C. Smoking is also a modifiable risk factor. Clients can reduce disease risk by quitting tobacco use, which lowers the likelihood of developing lung disease, heart disease, and many types of cancer. D. Sunbathing is a behavior that increases exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and is a modifiable risk factor. Clients can reduce their risk of skin cancer and premature aging by limiting sun exposure, wearing protective clothing, and using sunscreen.