A nurse is planning care for a postoperative client. What nursing interventions would help prevent venous thromboembolism for this client? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A rationale Early ambulation postoperatively is highly effective in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Physical activity promotes muscle contraction in the legs, which compresses the deep veins and facilitates venous return to the heart, minimizing venous stasis, which is a major risk factor for clot formation. Choice B rationale Fluid restriction is not a standard intervention for VTE prevention. Adequate hydration is typically encouraged postoperatively unless contraindicated by a condition like heart failure, because dehydration can increase blood viscosity and hemoconcentration, potentially raising the risk of thrombosis. Choice C rationale Quadriceps-setting exercises, along with ankle pumps and leg lifts, promote muscle contraction and improve blood flow, particularly in the deep veins of the calves. These exercises should be performed regularly when the client is restricted to bed rest to actively prevent venous stasis and clot formation. Choice D rationale Sequential compression devices (SCDs) use sleeves around the legs that cyclically inflate and deflate to intermittently compress the calf and thigh, mimicking the muscle contraction that occurs during walking. This mechanical action effectively promotes venous return and reduces venous stasis, significantly lowering VTE risk. Choice E rationale Anticoagulant drug therapy, such as low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin, is a chemical prophylactic measure that alters the blood coagulation cascade. This therapy is highly effective for high-risk postoperative clients to prevent the formation or extension of venous thrombi.