A nurse is providing care to a client who has hypovolemic shock due to blood loss. The client has manifestations of tachycardia, tachypnea, oliguria, and orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following levels of blood loss do these manifestations indicate?

A. A 12% blood loss is considered minimal and usually does not produce significant clinical manifestations. Vital signs and organ perfusion generally remain stable at this level, so symptoms like tachycardia or hypotension would not be expected. B. A 6% blood loss is minor, often asymptomatic, and does not typically cause tachycardia, tachypnea, or hypotension. C. An 18% blood loss may produce mild signs such as slight tachycardia or narrowed pulse pressure, but significant oliguria or orthostatic hypotension is less likely at this level. D. A blood loss of approximately 20–25% is classified as class II hypovolemic shock. At this stage, the body compensates for decreased circulating volume with tachycardia, tachypnea, oliguria, and orthostatic hypotension. These manifestations reflect the body’s attempt to maintain perfusion and oxygenation despite significant fluid and blood volume loss. Prompt intervention with fluid resuscitation is required to prevent progression to more severe shock.