A nurse is providing care to a toddler who has been hospitalized for a chronic illness. Which of the following statements regarding the potential impact of hospitalization on a child's health are correct? (Select All that Apply.)

A. Hospitalization can be stressful and anxiety-provoking for toddlers and children. Stress may manifest as psychosomatic symptoms, such as stomachaches, headaches, or changes in appetite, even if there is no direct medical cause. B. Hospitalization disrupts normal routines, sleep, nutrition, and play, which can be stressful and negatively impact a child’s overall health. Changes in environment do affect coping, comfort, and behavior. C. Stress can adversely affect immune function, pain perception, and recovery, making it more difficult for children to heal or tolerate medical procedures. Emotional well-being is closely linked to physical outcomes. D. Hospitalization can contribute to anxiety, fear, sadness, or withdrawal, especially in young children who may not understand their illness or procedures. Prolonged hospitalization can have long-term psychological effects if not properly addressed with supportive interventions. E. Children’s responses to hospitalization vary by age, developmental level, temperament, and prior experiences. Toddlers may experience separation anxiety, while school-age children may worry about loss of control or academic disruptions, and adolescents may struggle with loss of independence and peer isolation.