A nurse is reviewing the electronic medical record of a middle-aged client who was admitted following a stroke. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

Choice A rationale A client's age is a non-modifiable risk factor for stroke. The risk of stroke generally increases with advancing age due to the cumulative effects of various physiological changes and increased prevalence of underlying cardiovascular conditions. This factor cannot be changed or controlled by lifestyle modifications. Choice B rationale Sickle cell disease is a genetic, non-modifiable risk factor for stroke. The abnormal shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease can lead to vaso-occlusion and increased risk of ischemic stroke, particularly in children. While treatments exist, the underlying genetic predisposition remains. Choice C rationale A family history of cardiovascular disease, such as a parent with the condition, indicates a genetic predisposition and is a non-modifiable risk factor for stroke. While genetic factors play a role in cardiovascular health, this specific family history cannot be altered through lifestyle or medical interventions. Choice D rationale Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for stroke because it can be managed and controlled through lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, and pharmacotherapy. Chronic uncontrolled hypertension damages blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.