A nurse is teaching the parent of a 3-year-old client about child development. Which of the following developmental tasks should the nurse include as the child's expected cognitive developmental stage?

Rationale: A. The formal operational stage (Piaget) occurs approximately from age 12 years and older. It is characterized by abstract thinking, logical reasoning, and hypothetical problem-solving, which are not yet developed in a 3-year-old child. B. A 3-year-old child is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development (approximately 2–7 years). In this stage, the child demonstrates symbolic thinking, language development, imagination, and egocentrism. However, they lack logical reasoning and have difficulty understanding others’ perspectives. C. The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to about 2 years of age. It is characterized by learning through sensory experiences and motor activity, as well as the development of object permanence. D. The concrete operational stage occurs approximately from 7–11 years of age. Children at this stage develop logical thinking about concrete events and understand concepts such as conservation, classification, and reversibility.