A nursing student new to psychiatric mental health nursing asks a peer what resources he can use to figure out which symptoms are present in a specific psychiatric disorder. The best answer would be:

Choice A reason: NANDA-I provides standardized nursing diagnoses but does not list or categorize symptoms for specific psychiatric disorders. Choice B reason: The Nursing Outcomes Classification focuses on measurable patient outcomes after interventions, not on identifying symptoms of mental disorders. Choice C reason: The Nursing Interventions Classification outlines evidence-based nursing actions and strategies, but it does not define or organize psychiatric symptoms. Choice D reason: The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) is the authoritative resource for identifying and categorizing symptoms of mental disorders. It provides diagnostic criteria and symptom patterns for each psychiatric condition, making it the correct choice.