A patient presents to the emergency department with a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Which findings would the nurse find most consistent with this condition? (Select all that apply)

Choice A rationale: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) occurs when a thoracic aortic aneurysm expands and exerts pressure on the trachea or the mainstem bronchi. This mechanical compression interferes with normal airflow and lung expansion, leading to respiratory distress. Choice B rationale: Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) is a common clinical finding caused by the aneurysm pressing against the esophagus. Because the thoracic aorta and the esophagus share a confined space in the mediastinum, any significant enlargement of the vessel can obstruct the passage of food. Choice C rationale: Chest pain is a classic symptom of a thoracic aortic aneurysm. The pain is often described as deep, steady, or boring, and it results from the stretching of the aortic wall or the aneurysm's impact on surrounding intrathoracic structures. Choice D rationale: Back pain, specifically between the shoulder blades (scapular region), is frequently reported. As the aneurysm grows posteriorly, it can erode or put pressure on the spinal column and surrounding nerves, causing referred pain to the back. Choice E rationale: Hoarseness (laryngeal nerve palsy) occurs when the expanding aneurysm compresses the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. This nerve loops under the aortic arch, and any pressure on it can lead to vocal cord dysfunction and a change in voice quality.