A state of being in which a person feels a psychological and/or physical need to use a substance in order to experience its effects and/or to avoid the unpleasant effects of its absence is:

A. co-dependency This refers to maladaptive emotional or behavioral relationships, often enabling someone else's addiction-not the actual need for a substance. B. detoxification This is the process of eliminating a substance from the body, not a description of the state of needing it. C. withdrawal Withdrawal is the physical and psychological symptoms experienced after stopping a substance, not the ongoing need to continue using. D. dependence Dependence refers to the compulsion to use a substance to achieve effects or avoid withdrawal, and can be physical, psychological, or both.