A student nurse is giving a presentation to a community group about measures to prevent atherosclerosis. Which of the following should the student nurse include as modifiable risk factors? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis, as it reflects genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease. While it increases risk, it cannot be changed through lifestyle or medical interventions, unlike modifiable factors like smoking or hypertension, which directly contribute to arterial plaque buildup. Choice B reason: Tobacco use is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Smoking damages endothelial cells, promotes plaque formation, and increases oxidative stress in arteries. Quitting smoking reduces these effects, slowing atherosclerosis progression and lowering cardiovascular risk, making it a key target for prevention strategies. Choice C reason: Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis, as excess body fat contributes to dyslipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation, all of which promote arterial plaque buildup. Weight loss through diet and exercise reduces these risks, improving lipid profiles and vascular health, making it a critical prevention focus. Choice D reason: Elevated blood pressure is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Hypertension damages arterial walls, accelerating plaque formation. Managing blood pressure through lifestyle changes or medications reduces shear stress on vessels, slowing atherosclerosis progression and lowering the risk of cardiovascular events like heart attack or stroke. Choice E reason: Genetic predisposition is a non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis, as inherited traits influence lipid metabolism and vascular health. While genetics cannot be altered, managing modifiable factors like diet or smoking can mitigate their impact, but genetic predisposition itself remains unchangeable in prevention strategies.