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    Pharmacology proctored exam - Pain seizure

    All of the following are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) except for:

    Explanation & Rationale

    A. Naproxen: Naproxen is a widely used NSAID that provides anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. It is commonly prescribed for arthritis, muscle pain, and menstrual cramps. B. Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen is a classic NSAID used for mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting COX enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis. C. Codeine: Codeine is an opioid analgesic, not an NSAID. It acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain but does not reduce inflammation. It is often combined with other drugs for enhanced pain control. D. Ketorolac: Ketorolac is a potent NSAID used short-term for moderate to severe pain, often after surgery. It has strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties but can cause significant GI and renal side effects if used long-term.

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