Although all D2/5HT2A/5HT1A drugs for treating psychosis share a class warning for causing weight gain and risks for obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia/ diabetes mellitus, there is actually a spectrum of risk among the various agents. What agents carry a "high metabolic risk"? Select all that applies:
Explanation & Rationale
A. Ziprasidone: Ziprasidone is associated with a relatively low risk of metabolic side effects compared to other atypical antipsychotics. It has minimal effects on weight, glucose, and lipid metabolism, making it one of the preferred choices for patients at risk of obesity or diabetes. B. Clozapine: Clozapine carries one of the highest risks for metabolic disturbances, including significant weight gain, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Its potent antagonism of histamine H1 and serotonin 5HT2C receptors contributes to increased appetite and reduced metabolic control. C. Brexpiprazole: Brexpiprazole has a moderate to low risk for metabolic complications. Although some patients may experience weight gain, its partial agonist activity at 5HT1A receptors and weaker histamine receptor blockade lead to fewer metabolic effects than agents like olanzapine or clozapine. D. Olanzapine: Olanzapine is among the antipsychotics with the highest metabolic risk. It significantly increases appetite and impairs glucose and lipid regulation through strong H1 and 5HT2C receptor antagonism, predisposing patients to obesity and metabolic syndrome.