An adult male client tells the nurse that he smokes approximately one pack of cigarettes daily. How can the nurse expect smoking to affect this client's sleep?

A. He would have difficulty falling to sleep, and sleep very lightly with more frequent arousals: Nicotine is a stimulant that can interfere with sleep by increasing heart rate and causing difficulty in falling asleep. Smokers also tend to experience more fragmented sleep, with frequent awakenings and lighter sleep stages due to withdrawal symptoms during the night which include restlessness, irritability, and difficulty relaxing.B. He would sleep soundly during the first half of the night, with increased arousals during the second half: This is not typically associated with smoking. While nicotine withdrawal can cause sleep disruption, it does not usually result in sound sleep in the first half of the night followed by arousals. Smoking-related sleep disturbances are more generalized throughout the night.C. Increase sleep latency, and reduce total sleep time: While nicotine can increase sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep), smoking is more likely to cause fragmented sleep and increased arousals rather than just reducing total sleep time. The effect on sleep is often more about poor-quality sleep than simply reduced duration.D. Decrease the need for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: Nicotine does not decrease the need for REM sleep, but it disrupts the sleep cycle, including REM sleep, by causing lighter sleep and more frequent awakenings. Smokers tend to have a lower proportion of REM sleep due to these disruptions, but not necessarily a decreased need for it.