An elderly client is experiencing progressive changes in memory that have interfered with personal, social, and occupational functioning. The client exhibits poor judgment and has a short attention span. A nurse should recognize these as classic signs of which condition?

A. Neurocognitive disorder: Progressive memory decline that interferes with personal, social, and occupational functioning is a defining feature of neurocognitive disorders. Impaired judgment and reduced attention span reflect declining executive function and cortical involvement. The gradual progression distinguishes this condition from acute or reversible cognitive changes. B. Pseudodementia: Pseudodementia is associated with depression and often presents with abrupt onset and fluctuating cognitive complaints. Clients are usually aware of and distressed by their deficits, and cognitive function may improve with treatment of the underlying mood disorder. The course is not typically progressive. C. Delirium: Delirium is characterized by an acute onset of confusion, fluctuating levels of consciousness, and impaired attention. It is usually triggered by an underlying medical condition, medication, or infection. The rapid onset contrasts with the progressive changes described. D. Mania: Mania presents with elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, and impulsive behavior. Cognitive impairment is not the primary feature, and memory loss is not typically progressive. Attention may be increased rather than shortened due to heightened activity.