An older adult client with long term type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is seen in the clinic for a routine health assessment. Which assessment(s) would the nurse complete to determine if a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is experiencing long term complications? Select all that apply.

A. Signs of respiratory tract infection: While clients with diabetes have a higher risk of infections due to impaired immunity, respiratory tract infections are not considered a long-term complication of type 2 DM. They are more acute issues rather than chronic sequelae. B. Sensation in feet and legs: Peripheral neuropathy is a common long-term complication of diabetes. Assessing sensation helps detect nerve damage early and prevents injuries, ulcers, and eventual amputations due to loss of protective sensation. C. Skin condition of lower extremities: Poor circulation and neuropathy contribute to impaired wound healing, ulcers, and increased infection risk in the lower extremities. Assessing skin integrity helps identify vascular and neuropathic complications early. D. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Kidney damage, or diabetic nephropathy, is a major long-term complication of diabetes. Monitoring renal function through creatinine and BUN levels helps detect chronic kidney disease progression. E. Visual acuity: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common long-term complications of type 2 DM. Assessing vision helps monitor for retinal changes and prevent progression to blindness with timely referral to ophthalmology.