Based on her understanding of the etiologic risk factors for Parkinson’s disease, the PMHNP asks about family history and:

Choice A reason: Heavy alcohol consumption has not been consistently linked to an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease and is not considered a primary etiologic factor. Choice B reason: Smoking has actually been associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease in epidemiological studies, possibly due to neuroprotective effects of nicotine. Choice C reason: Exposure to environmental toxins, such as pesticides or herbicides, is a recognized risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. These toxins can cause dopaminergic neuron damage, contributing to disease development. Choice D reason: Early childhood hypoxia may contribute to neurological vulnerabilities but is not a primary recognized risk factor for Parkinson’s disease.