In assessing a client with ulcers on the lower extremity, which findings indicate that the ulcers are likely to be of venous, rather than arterial, origin?

Choice A reason: Irregular ulcer shapes and severe edema are characteristic of venous ulcers, which are caused by impaired venous return and increased capillary pressure. Venous ulcers are usually located near the medial malleolus and have a shallow depth. Choice B reason: Hairless lower extremities and cool feet are signs of arterial insufficiency, which reduces blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissues. Arterial ulcers are usually located on the toes, heels, or lateral malleoli and have a deep, punched-out appearance. Choice C reason: Black ulcers and dependent rubor are also signs of arterial insufficiency, indicating tissue necrosis and inflammation. Dependent rubor is a reddish-blue color of the lower extremity that occurs when the leg is lowered below the level of the heart. Choice D reason: Absent pedal pulses and shiny skin are also signs of arterial insufficiency, indicating reduced blood flow and atrophy of the skin. The skin may also be dry, scaly, or cracked.