Major chemotherapeutic agents include: (Select all that apply.)

Rationale: A. Alkylating agents work by damaging DNA and preventing cancer cells from reproducing, making them a major class of chemotherapeutic drugs. Examples include cyclophosphamide and cisplatin. B. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking normal cellular metabolites, preventing cancer cells from dividing. Common examples are methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. C. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are immune system proteins found in autoimmune diseases such as lupus. They are not used as chemotherapy agents. D. Chelating agents bind metals in the body to remove toxic metals, such as in heavy metal poisoning. They do not treat cancer and are not classified as chemotherapeutic drugs. E. Antineoplastic antibiotics, such as doxorubicin and bleomycin, interfere with DNA replication in cancer cells. Despite the term “antibiotic,” their primary role in oncology is anticancer activity. F. Certain hormones or hormone antagonists are used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast or prostate cancer. Examples include tamoxifen and leuprolide. These drugs modify cancer cell growth by altering hormonal stimulation.