One of the complications we might see of heart failure is cardiogenic shock. What kinds of signs and symptoms might you see and how do we treat? (Select all that apply)

A. Cardiogenic shock results from severe pump failure and presents with signs of both left- and right-sided heart failure. Left-sided failure leads to pulmonary congestion, manifested by crackles and dyspnea, while right-sided failure causes systemic venous congestion, including JVD and peripheral edema. Hypotension and poor perfusion develop as shock progresses. Early recognition of these signs allows prompt intervention. B. Tracheal deviation is not associated with cardiogenic shock; it indicates tension pneumothorax or large pleural effusion. Hypertension alone is not typical of cardiogenic shock, which usually presents with hypotension and low cardiac output. C. While diuretics and ARBs are part of chronic heart failure management, they are not first-line treatments for acute cardiogenic shock. Insulin is unrelated unless the patient has diabetes. Acute shock management requires hemodynamic support rather than standard outpatient medications. D. IV vasodilators, such as nitroprusside or nitroglycerin, reduce preload and afterload, improving cardiac output and tissue perfusion in cardiogenic shock. Careful monitoring is needed to prevent hypotension. E. Positive inotropes, like dobutamine or milrinone, increase myocardial contractility, improving cardiac output in cardiogenic shock. They are often used in combination with vasodilators or mechanical support for optimal hemodynamic stabilization. F. Mechanical support devices, such as intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) or ventricular assist devices (VADs), can be used in refractory cardiogenic shock to improve perfusion, reduce cardiac workload, and stabilize the patient until recovery or definitive therapy.